ELECTRONIC EASEMENTS

Authors

  • Zulfiqar Kadhim Mutair college of Imam Al-kadhum (Peace be upon him) Author
  • أ.م.د. علي مطشر عبد الصاحب جامعة بغداد / كلية القانون Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.61710/z3e27a57

Keywords:

Keywords: electronic Easements, contemporary easements, telecommunication Easements.

Abstract

The concept of easement considers as exceptional legal concepts that has not received many scientific research despite its antiquity compare with other legal concepts. Easement in its prevailing concept is mostly in Latin jurisprudence and to a lesser extent in Anglo-American jurisprudence limited to real estate. Due exceptional of this term through its a right that limits the benefit of a particular property in favor or the benefit of another property and all the people need to deal with many of the daily incidents that occur to them through the use of things in general and not just real estate.science of law considers as an evolving science that keeps pace with all changes that occur in human life which reflected on the benefit from the philosophy of concept of easement through gives the right to person to benefit from what he owns through the ownership of others, the concept of easement must be developed and this concept should be extended beyond real estate to things in general. contemporary easement is a power that limits the benefit of a thing or right of financial value owned by one person for the benefit of a thing or right of financial value owned by another person, this concept will have covered all of that development which happen to the easements such as the electronic Easements and its kind such as telecommunication Easements, creating electronic programs (APIs Easements) and the Easements for setup the electronic programs.

References

المصادر

أ‌- المصادر العربية

اولا : الكتب القانونية

البشير ، محمد طه و طه، غني حسون، 2007، الحقوق العينية الاصلية ، العاتك لصناعة الكتاب ، القاهرة ، مصر.

بلانيول و ريبير ج 3

فرج، توفيق حسن ، 1986، الحقوق العينية الاصلية ، مؤسسة الثقافة الجامعية ، الاسكندرية ، مصر.

ذنون ، حسن علي ، 1954، الحقوق العينية الاصلية ،شركة الرابطة للطبع و النشر المحدودة ، بغداد ، العراق.

السنهوري ، عبد الرزاق احمد ، 1967، الوسيط في شرح القانون المدني ، ج 9 اسباب كسب الملكية، دار احياء التراث العربي ، بيروت ، لبنان.المركز العربي للنشر و التوزيع، مصر.

الموسوي، حسنين ضياء نوري، 2022، حقوق ارتفاق المطار

مارتي و رينو ف 8

ثانيا: البحوث القانونية

عبد الامير، احمد عامر، 2023، "الحماية القانونية لبرامج الحاسوب"، مجلة العلوم القانونية، مجلد 38، عدد 1، بغداد، (DOI: https://doi.org/10.35246/jols.v38i1.618 ، آخر زيارة 23 – 06 – 2023 الساعه 11:00 GMT).

خلف، علي محمد.2014، "ماهية برامج الكمبيوتر في ضوء احكام القانونيين العراقي والانكليزي (دراسة تحليلية مقارنة)"، مجلة العلوم القانونية، مجلد 29، عدد 2، بغداد ،(DOI: https://doi.org/10.35246/jols.v29i2.269 ، آخر زيارة 23 – 06 – 2023 الساعه 11:30 GMT).

عبد الصاحب، علي مطشر. 2014، "أثر درجة جسامة الخطأ في المسؤولية المدنية" ، مجلة العلوم القانونية، مجلد 29، العدد 2، بغداد، (DOI: https://doi.org/10.35246/jols.v29i2.268 آخر زيارة 26 - 7 – 2023 الساعه 14:30 GMT)

الطائي، محمد عزت فاضل. 2017، "حرية التجارة" ، المجلد 32، العدد الثاني، مجلة العلوم القانونية، كلية القانون – جامعة بغداد . (DOI: https://doi.org/10.35246/jols.v32i2 بتاريخ 24 – 12 – 2022 الساعة 9:00 GMT)

حسن، محمد علي صاحب. 2017، الحقوق العينية المقررة على اسهم الشركة المساهمة و المحدودة، مجلة العلوم القانونية، مجلد 32، عدد 1، بغداد.(DOI: https://doi.org/10.35246/jols.v32i2 بتاريخ 24 – 12 – 2022 الساعة 9:00 GMT)

ثالثا: القوانين

- القانون المدني العراقي رقم 40 لسنة 1951.

- القانون المدني الفرنسي 1804.

- القانون المدني المصري 131 لسنة 1948

- قانون الاثبات العراقي 107 لسنة 1979

- قانون التوقيع الالكترونية رقم 78 لسنة 2012

ب‌- المصادر الاجنبية

اولا: الكتب و البحوث القانونية

Abraham Bell and Gideon Parchomovsky, PROPERTIZING FAIR USE, VIRGINIA LAW REVIEW ASSOCIATION, Vol 107, iss 6, Virginia unversity, 2021.

Alec Peden, The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: Incorporating the Good or Bad Faith Consideration into the Fair Use Analysis, Vol 54, Iss 1, Article 14, University of the Pacific Law Review, 2023.

Anders Victorin, Expropriation for Telecom and Other Infrastructure – the Swedish Experience, Stockholm Institute for Scandinavian Law publishers, Stockholm, Swedish, 2004.

Christos Giakoumopoulos, Giovanni Buttarelli and Michael O’Flaherty, Handbook on European data protection law, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2018.

D.Boyd, M. Vaccari, L, Posada and M. Gattwinkel, An Application Programming Interface (API) framework for digital government, e Joint Research Centre (JRC) publication, Luxembourg, 2020.

Daryl Lim, Life After Google v. Oracle: Three Reflections on a Theme, Vol 12, Iss 1, Article 3, Maurer Law Journals, Indiana University, 2022.

Harry A. Bigelow, Natural Easements, University of Chicago Law School, 1915.

Henry E. Smith, Property as the Law of Things, HARVARD LAW REVIEW, Vol. 125, 2012.

James Daily, Google v. Oracle: Fair Use Applies But Copyrightability Questions Remain, Washington Legal Foundation Advocate for Freedom and Justice publisher, Massachusetts, US, 2021.

Jason Mazzone, Copyright Easements, Akron Law Journal, Vol 50 , Iss 4 , Art 3 , 2017.

Karine Bannelier and Anaïs Trotry, What is ‘Data’? Definitions in International Legal Instruments on Data Protection, Cross-Border Access to Data & Electronic Evidence, UN Ad Hoc Committee to Elaborate a Convention on Cybercrime publishing, Vienna, 2023.

Karl Kowallis, Treating Fair Use as an Easement on Intellectual Property, Brigham young university press, Volume 2018, Issue 5, Article 6, US, 2019.

Michael Duck and Richard Read, Data Communications and Computer Networks for Computer Scientists and Engineers, 2nd Ed, Pearson Education Limited, London, 2003.

Pamela Samuelson and Clark D. Asay, SAVING SOFTWARE’S FAIR USE FUTURE, Vol 31, Special Issue, Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, 2018.

Peter S. Menell, API Copyrightability Bleak House: Unraveling and Repairing the "Oracle V. Google" Jurisdictional Mess, Vol. 31, No. 3, Berkeley Technology Law Journal, University of California, School of Law, 2016.

RAY HORAK, TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND DATA COMMUNICATIONS, A JOHN WILEY & SONS PUBLICATION, Canada,2007.

Robert G. Winch, Telecommunication Transmission Systems, 2nd Ed, McGraw-Hill Companies publishing, new York, 1998.

Saeed v Plustrade Ltd, 20 December, 2001 (Court of Appeal -England, Wales).

Sir Robert Megarry , P.V. Baker, A manual of the law of real property, Stevens and sons limited published, 4th ed, London, 1969.

Stefan Larsson, LAW AND SPATIAL PLANNING "Socio-Legal Perspectives on the Development of Wind Power and 3G Mobile Infrastructures in Sweden", Blekinge Institute of Technology publisher, Karlskrona, Sweden, 2014.

Stephen C. Price, Overview of Easements (Servitudes), Licenses and Restrictive Covenants Relating to Land, 2018

TIMUR GIORGIEVICH OKRIASHVILI, ELENA ANATOLYEVNA KIRILLOVA and ALBERT GUMAROVICH YAKUPOV, Legal Status, Role and Features of Electronic Document Management, Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana, Vol 25, Articale 12, Universidad del Zulia, Venezuela, 2020.

Ziyi Gao, The Sword of Damocles: How the Fair Use Defense Application Affects the Computer Programming Area, Vol 37, Num 2, Art 16, Touro Law Review, Touro university.

ثانيا: القوانين الاجنبية

Code of Virginia, Title 55 - Property and Conveyances, Chapter 4 - Form and Effect of Deeds and Covenants, Liens § 55-50.2.

Communications Act 2003, section 118,

Computer Misuse Act 1990, Art

Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988

Florida Code, TITLE X PUBLIC OFFICERS, EMPLOYEES, AND RECORDS, Chapter 119 PUBLIC RECORDS

Georgia Code, Title 48 - Revenue and Taxation, Chapter 1

Housing and Planning Act 2016, Section 203.

Idaho Statutes, Title 63 - REVENUE AND TAXATION Chapter 36

Land Registration Act 2002 Section 27.

Land Transfer Regulations 2002, Schedule 4

Land Transfer Regulations 2018, Schedule 5,

Louisiana Laws, Revised Statutes, TITLE 47 —

North Dakota Century Code, Title 47, Chapter 47-05

Telecommunications Act 2001, Art

Texas Statutes, PENAL CODE, TITLE 7 - OFFENSES AGAINST PROPERTY, CHAPTER 33 - COMPUTER CRIMES,

Title 17 - Copyrights, Chapter 1 –

Title 23 - Highways, Chapter 5 –

Title 29 MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT,

US Code, Title 47 - Telecommunications, Chapter 6,

Utility easement. Oklahoma Statutes, Title 57. Prisons and Reformatories, §57-555.

Utility Easements Act (SFS 1973:1144

ت‌- المواقع الالكترونية

Jenny Cusack, How driverless cars will change our world, https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211126-how-driverless-cars-will-change-our-world , last visit on 3/5/2023 at 22:00 GMT).

Robot Lawyer To Represent Defendant In Court In World First,( https://legalinteract.com/robot-lawyer/ last visit on 3/5/2023 at 21:00 GMT).

Saudi Arabia done give 'Sophia' di robot citizenship, ( https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/media-41779673 , last visit on 3/5/2023 at 22:00 GMT).

What is Robotic Surgery?,( https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/robotic-surgery/what-robotic-surgery , last visit on 3/5/2023 at 22:25 GMT).

Zoe Kleinman and Chris Vallance, AI 'godfather' Geoffrey Hinton warns of dangers as he quits Google, (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65452940 , last visit on 3/5/2023 at 22:20 GMT).

Published

2023-12-31

Issue

Section

المقالات

Categories

How to Cite

ELECTRONIC EASEMENTS. (2023). Journal of Imam Al-Kadhim College, 7(4), 240-270. https://doi.org/10.61710/z3e27a57